Al-Furat Journal for Health and Medical Sciences
Al-Furat Journal for Health and Medical Sciences (FJHMS) has an ISSN 3081-1104 (Print), and 3081-1112 (Online). It is a peer-review, double-blinded international scientific journal published by Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University (ATU), The Republic of Iraq. Four issues are publish per a year. The journal publishes original and high-quality scientific articles dedicated to highlights the latest innovations in pre-clinical, clinical, health, and medical laboratory sciences. This journal is a member of Crossref. it is also indexed in Google Scholar.
College of Health and Medical Technologies/Kufa Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University
The Corresponding Author, with the consent of all coauthors, hereby transfers to the FJHMS the copyright ownership in referenced Article, including all versions in any format now known or the hereafter developed. If the Article is not accepted by FJHMS or withdrawn prior to acceptance, this transfer will be null and void. In order for your article to be distributed as widely as possible your grant the FJHMS an exclusive right to: Publish, reproduce, distribute, display, and store the Article in all forms, formats, and media known or later developed (including without limitation in print, digital, and electronic form) throughout the world; Translate the Article into other languages, create adaptations, summaries or extracts of the Article or other derivative works based on the Article and exercise all of the rights set forth in (a) above in such translations, adaptations, summaries, extracts, and derivative works; License others to do any or all of the above All accepted Articles become the property of FJHMS and may not be published elsewhere without written permission of the FJHMS
Fuzzy Sgb-Open Sets in Topological Spaces: A Novel Tool for Personalizing Amantadine Therapy in Parkinson’s Disease
In medical applications, the medical aspect of fuzzy topology has gained great importance. Many advances have been made in the theoretical understanding of topological relationships between spatial objects. The study demonstrates how fuzzy topology can be used to practically implement theoretical topological relationships in determining the dose of amantadine treatment for Parkinson's disease patients. In this work, we used this research to ascertain the fuzzy Sgb-int, fuzzy Sgb-exterior, fuzzy Sgb-closure, and fuzzy Sgb-boundary of location impacted by In order to minimize the symptoms of the disease, patients should take their medication according to a dose ratio that is derived using fuzzy topology and is based on information gathered from earlier research on Parkinson's disease
fuzzy spatial objects, closure operator, interior operator, and fuzzy topology
Copyright (c) 2026 Al-Furat Journal for Health and Medical Sciences
A survey and statistical study of fungal diseases in the human body in Najaf Governorate
The research aimed to conduct a survey and statistical study in Najaf province in 2019 for both Candida and Monilia fungi, where it was observed that the Candida genus prevailed by 8.05%, while the percentage recorded for the Monilia genus was 4.06%. The study also included the rates of difference in infection between males and females, where the results showed that females were more likely to be infected than males, with 6.10% for females and 6.01% for males. The results also showed that Al-Manadhera Hospital is the most recorded cases of infection with these two fungi with 7.56%, while the lowest percentage was recorded in Al-Hakim General Hospital with 0.75%. As for the difference in infection during the months of the year, October recorded the highest infection rates with 1.40%, while January was the lowest with 0.75%.
Impact of Eating Habits and lifestyle on Hemoglobin Levels among University Students
Hemoglobin is an important indicator of nutritional and health status, and it is directly affected by nutritional habits. University students often experience changes in their eating habits due to study stress, irregular meals, and reliance on fast food. These habits contribute to defects in essential nutrients for hemoglobin production. Analytic cross-sectional study was conducted purposive sampling method selected (413) students from at Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University Campus in Kufa, the study sample in this research was collected using a pre-designed questionnaire, in addition to blood samples taken to measure hemoglobin levels. The work started from November 9th, 2025 to January 8th, 2026. The results showed that the average age of the subjects was (20.51 ± 1.72) years, with the largest percentage (56.9%) aged 18–20 years. The study showed that 40.7% of the students are suffering from anemia, with an average hemoglobin level of (13.05 ± 1.96) g/dL. Statistically significant correlations (p < 0.05) were found between hemoglobin and behavioral variables; anemia was associated with skipping breakfast (24.9% never had breakfast) and excessive caffeine consumption. Significant differences (p = 0.000) were found in lifestyle variables related to sleep duration (180 students sleep only 4–6 hours) and smoking behavior (cigarettes and shisha), while other variables did not show the same level of statistical significance. Hemoglobin levels are significantly correlated with dietary habits and lifestyle choices rather than socio-demographic variables. Focused nutritional interventions and awareness initiatives are essential to enhancing students' hematological health.
Emerging Drug Resistance in Parasitic Infections: Challenges and Future Perspectives
Parasitic infections remain a significant global health burden, particularly in developing regions where access to healthcare and sanitation is limited. The widespread use of antiparasitic drugs has led to the emergence of drug-resistant strains, posing a major challenge to disease control and treatment efficacy. Resistance has been reported in various parasites, including Plasmodium species (malaria), Leishmania species (leishmaniasis), Trypanosoma species (Chagas disease and sleeping sickness), and Helminths (soil-transmitted infections). Factors contributing to drug resistance include genetic mutations, overuse and misuse of medications, and inadequate treatment regimens. The emergence of resistance has led to reduced treatment success rates, increased morbidity and mortality, and the need for alternative therapeutic strategies. Current research focuses on developing novel drugs, combination therapies, and alternative treatment approaches such as host-directed therapies and immunomodulatory agents. Additionally, advancements in molecular diagnostics and genomic studies have enhanced our understanding of resistance mechanisms, aiding in early detection and surveillance. Despite these efforts, challenges remain in addressing drug resistance, including limited resources, regulatory hurdles, and the slow development of new antiparasitic drugs. Strengthening global surveillance systems, promoting rational drug use, and investing in vaccine development are crucial to combating resistance. Future research should focus on innovative therapeutic targets and multidisciplinary strategies to ensure effective and sustainable parasite control.
Key word: Parasitic infections, drug resistance, novel therapies.
Investigation of some biomarkers for Enterococcus faecalis with Alopecia areata patients
Background: Alopecia areata is an autoimmune condition that damages hair follicles, causing hair loss, which can manifest in different patterns and with varying degrees of severity. The human intestine harbors many microbial communities that are crucial for sustaining gut-skin homeostasis. One of the most significant commensal bacterial species that has immunostimulatory or regulatory effects is Enterococcus faecalis, a type of gut microbiota. The study aims to investigate the extent to which the presence of E.faecalis affects the improvemevt of patients' conditions by stimulating hair growth and modulating immune responses by measuring levels of some biomarkers such as CD27,CD70, TNF-a, and IL-35. Methods: Between October 2024 and March 2025, about 60 individuals with Alopecia areata had taken their blood samples and skin swabs from Al-Najaf Teaching Hospital and Al-Sader Medical City in Al-Najaf province presisely in the Dermatology Consultant. Some biomarkers were evaluated, and swabs were cultured to investigate the presence of E.faecalis. Results: The microbiological analysis results revealed that 26/60 samples include bacteria. E. faecalis was detected in 4 (15.3%). The results of immunological analysis indicate that serum levels of CD27, CD70, TNF-a, and IL-35 for AA patients with E.faecalis were close to those of controls because its presence may indirectly support scalp health through immunomodulatory effects. Conclusions: The existence of Enterococcus faecalis benefits Alopecia areata patients by stimulating hair growth, modulating immune responses, and balancing scalp microbiota. The results of serum levels of the study immunological biomarkers in AA patients with E.faecalis are proximal to results of healthy individuals.
Alopecia areata, Enterococcus faecalis, CD27, CD70, TNF-α, IL-35.
Investigating Biochemical Markers Variations and BMI in Patients with Diabetic Nephropathy: Insights from Baghdad Cohort Study
Abstract. Background: Diabetic nephropathy, or Diabetic kidney disease, is a long-term decline in kidney function that happens in individuals with diabetes mellitus. Diabetic nephropathy is the primary etiology of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD).Emerging evidence indicates a possible association between body mass index and renal illness in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Aim: the purpose of this research was to investigate the associations between changes in blood biochemical markers and body mass index in individuals diagnosed with type 2 diabetes and renal disease. Material and method: we looked back at health records from Ibn Sina hospital in Baghdad, we studied the data from 80 participants and investigated during the months of July 2023 and October 2023, including 80 diagnosed with diabetes mellitus and renal disease following a comprehensive physical examination conducted by a specialist and biochemical tests. As a normal control for comparison with the patients' research group, an additional 40 adult volunteers who did not have diabetes or renal sickness were enlisted. We collected data about their age , gender, blood sugar level after fasting , insulin level, urea, creatinine, sodium, Glomerular filtration rate(GFR) and the percentage of sugar attach to their hemoglobin (HbA1C). Results: The group of individuals with diabetes exhibited a significant decline in renal function, as well as elevated levels of insulin and HbA1C. The study findings demonstrate a statistically significant difference in Urea, Creatinine, Sodium, and GFR measures between the case and control groups among patients with pre-dialysis. The study results also showed that the body mass index (BMI) was nearly within the normal range for both groups, with a little rise noted in the male control group. Conclusion: There was a notable association between body mass index and biochemical indicators in the blood plasma of patients suffering from both diabetes mellitus and renal failure, except for HbA1C and urea levels. All biochemical blood plasma indices display a consistent link, with a greater correlation observed among obese patients compared to those with normal body mass index values.
Diabetes Mellitus, Renal Disease, Gfr, Body Mass Index (Bmi), Biochemical Tests
Knowledge of students about Covid-19: sample from al-Zahraa university for women
Background: The fundamental agent (coronavirus) was identified as a virus in Coronavirus was first identified as a human coronavirus in 1965. The one that causes SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) emerged in southern China in 2002. The Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) started in Saudi Arabia in 2012. This study is intent on determining the amount of knowledge that students at Al-Zahraa university for females in Karbala sustain. Method: A cross-section study was conducted through the use of an online Google questionnaire form. This questionnaire was provided between December 7th 2023 to February 4th 2024. Medical students who participated in helping conduct this case study had access to the questions and answers that were provided by students who were willing to participate in the study. All answers were downloaded from the electronic questionnaire form to the computer as an excel file and imported to SPSS version 23 to be analyzed. Frequencies and percentages were also calculated and are present in this study. Result: One hundred and twelve (112) medical students (medical and health technology students) enrolled in this study. The percentage of participants whose age was 20 years was approximately 22 (26%). The number of unmarried students was approximately 87 (84.6%) and those who were living in Karbala residence were 71 (69.6%). Most of the participants had a good amount of general knowledge concerning COVID19. Through this study it was determined that most students at Al-Zahraa university (95.5%) believe 1-2 meters distance is an appropriate safety measure to prevent spreading the virus. 104 (94.5%) of the participants knew that COVID-19 is a global pandemic. From the participants 94 (83.9%) were aware of the recommended incubation period while 47 (43.5%) of the participants were aware that COVID19 is an RNA virus. A little over half of the participants 65 (59.60%) knew about the percentage of alcohol in hand sanitizer bottles. Conclusions: It has been determined that students attending Al Zahra university in the medical and health technology field have decent understanding of COVID-19 but require updating their knowledge of the subject.
COVID-19, knowledge, attitudes, practices, KAP, Karbala.
Assessment of Dietary Knowledge among Type II Diabetic Patients at Diabetic Center in Merjan Medical City
BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus especially type II has recently become serious disease with high possibility of increased rate of comorbidity since it is along life disease which requires a person with adequate knowledge regarding the diseases itself as well as good self –care OBJECTIVES: assess of dietary knowledge among type II diabetic patients at diabetic center in Merjan medical city Methodology: a descriptive study design was used to conduct the study. The investigator develops the questionnaire to accomplish the study's objectives. A sum of 50 patients were purposely selected. The validity of the instrument was assured through a board of experts, and the instrument's reliability was established through making pilot study. The data was analyzed throught using descriptive and inferential statistics by using of SPSS Version 23 for analysis of questionnaire are acceptable, patient knowledge 20 items of dietary knowledge among type II diabetic patients RESULTS: show that the majority of sample 19(38%) were had poor level dietary knowledge among type II diabetic patients at diabetic center in Merjan medical city. shows that there is a significant relationship between overall patients’ knowledge toward dietary of type II diabetic and their demographic data at p ≤ 0.05 such as (age, educational level, occupational status , residence and economic status), while with (gender and marital status) that there is a non-significant relationship with patients’ knowledge toward dietary of type ii diabetic and their demographic data at diabetic center in Merjan medical city. at p ≤ 0.05
Assessment, Dietary Knowledge ,Type II Diabetic, Patients’ self-care
Evaluation of Dietary Patterns among Primary School Children in Al-Hilla City, Iraq
Background: Healthy dietary patterns during childhood are essential for proper growth and prevention of non-communicable diseases. Primary school children are particularly vulnerable to poor dietary habits due to various social and environmental influences. The aim of this study is to assess the eating habits of pupils in Al-Hillah city and to identify some demographic and socioeconomic factors that influence eating habits. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 2,295 pupils from 26 randomly selected public and private primary schools in Al-Hilla. A structured and validated questionnaire, including a 12-item Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), was used to assess dietary habits. A three-point Likert scale was used to rate the responses, which were then divided into three categories: good, fair, and bad conduct. SPSS version 29 was used for statistical analysis. Results: Overall assessment of dietary behaviors was generally fair (80%), with 19% classified as good and only 1% as poor; while healthy behaviors like regular breakfast and fruit & vegetable intake were common, high eating of unhealthy items such as fast foods, chips, sugary foods, and soft drinks persisted. Dietary behavior is significantly associated with school type (p=0.009), father’s occupation (p=0.01), and mother’s occupation (p=0.02). Conclusion: Most primary school children in Al-Hilla exhibited fair dietary behaviors, with a minority showing good or poor practices. School type and parental occupations were significant influencers of dietary patterns. Recommendation: Interventions targeting the school environment and family context are recommended to improve children’s nutritional habits.
Dietary patterns, Nutritional status, Primary school children.
Sociodemographic and Family Risk Factors among Autistic Children under Ten in Karbala: A Case-Control Study
Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is considered a neurodevelopmental condition identified by social communication deficits, repetitive behaviors, and restricted interests. Although the global prevalence of ASD is rising, there is limited data on the sociodemographic and family risk factors of ASD children in the Middle East, particularly in Iraq. Objective: To identify sociodemographic and family-related risk factors among children under ten years of age with autism. Methods: A total of 240 children were enrolled, including 80 diagnosed with ASD (cases) and 160 typically developing children (controls). Data were collected on age, gender, educational status, family structure, housing conditions, parental education and occupation, and health history. The chi-square and t-tests were used to identify significant differences between the groups. Results: Children with ASD were significantly more likely to have never attended school and to live in single-parent or mother-only households compared to controls (p < 0.001 and p = 0.006, respectively). No significant differences were found between groups in gender, age, number of siblings, or type of housing. Parental education and occupation did not differ significantly between groups. However, children with ASD had a significantly higher prevalence of developmental disorders and chronic health conditions (p = 0.002 and p < 0.001, respectively). Conclusion: Autistic children were less likely to attend kindergarten or school, and the prevalence of psychiatric disorders, chronic diseases, and developmental disorders was higher among families of autistic children compared to those of non-autistic children.
Autism spectrum disorder, sociodemographic factors, family risk factors, case-control study.
Epidemiological Profile of Neonatal Jaundice among Hospitalized Newborns in Public Hospitals of Karbala Governorate
Background: Neonatal jaundice is a prevalent condition in newborns, resulting from elevated bilirubin levels due to underdeveloped liver function and accelerated erythrocyte degradation. It manifests as jaundice of the skin and sclera. Although generally benign, extreme instances may result in kernicterus. Timely diagnosis and intervention, such as phototherapy or exchange transfusion, are essential. Objectives: Determine the epidemiological profile of neonatal jaundice among newborns admitted to public hospitals in Karbala Governorate. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in public hospitals of Karbala from October 2024 to January 2025, involving 386 hospitalized neonates diagnosed with jaundice. Data were gathered via interviews, questionnaires, and blood analyses. Ethical authorization and maternal consent were secured. Analysis was conducted utilizing SPSS v29, with significance established at p < 0.05. Results: The prevalence of neonatal jaundice was 53.5% among babies admitted to public hospitals in Karbala, predominantly affecting 64% of males and those of normal or low birth weight. It was markedly correlated with the administration of various substances during the initial two days of life and birth problems, including hypoxia. TSB levels showed no association, except for G6PD (P = 0.005). Conclusion: 53.5% of hospitalized newborns have neonatal jaundice, predominantly affecting males and those with normal or low birth weight. Substantial correlations were identified between early drug exposure and delivery problems, whereas TSB levels were solely linked to G6PD insufficiency (p=0.005). Timely identification and intervention are essential.
Epidemiological profile, Neonatal jaundice, Newborns
Insulin Resistance Exacerbates Hyperandrogenism and Hormonal Imbalance in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Case-Control Study
Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine disorder that is characterized by hyperandrogenism, ovarian dysfunction, and metabolic disturbances. Insulin resistance (IR), present in 50–70% of PCOS cases, exacerbates hormonal imbalances by stimulating ovarian androgen synthesis and suppressing sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG). Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the role of insulin resistance in driving hyperandrogenism and hormonal dysregulation in PCOS patients compared with healthy controls. Methods: This case-control study included 60 women diagnosed with PCOS (Rotterdam criteria) and 30 age-matched healthy controls. Participants were recruited from a fertility center, excluding smokers, those with chronic conditions, and those taking medications affecting the outcomes. Fasting blood samples collected on menstrual cycle day 2 were analyzed for glucose, insulin, LH, FSH, and testosterone. Insulin resistance was assessed via HOMA-IR. Results: PCOS patients exhibited significantly higher BMI (p = 0.004), hirsutism (86.7% vs. 0%, p < 0.001), and menstrual irregularities (80% vs. 6.7%, p < 0.001) than controls. Metabolic parameters, including fasting glucose (104.32 ± 15.23 vs. 86.47 ± 7.08 mg/dL), insulin (14.91 ± 3.01 vs. 8.22 ± 2.47 µU/mL), and HOMA-IR (3.77 ± 1.01 vs. 1.74 ± 0.52), were elevated in PCOS (p < 0.001). Hormonal profiles showed increased LH (10.12 ± 1.84 vs. 4.21 ± 1.4 IU/mL), FSH (6.13 ± 1.48 vs. 4.23 ± 1.2 IU/mL), and testosterone (2.11 ± 0.86 vs. 0.73 ± 0.48 ng/mL) in PCOS (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Insulin resistance is a central driver of hyperandrogenism and hormonal dysregulation in PCOS, perpetuating metabolic and reproductive dysfunctions.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Insulin Resistance, Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Testosterone, Hyperandrogenism
New-Onset Diabetes in the Post-COVID-19 Era: Clinical Characteristics, Underlying Mechanisms, and Long-Term Metabolic Outcomes
BACKGROUND although COVID-19 primarily affects the lungs, the impact of COVID-19 is not limited to the lungs only, but rather extends to affect other organs and body systems resulting in other complications that continue during the period of infection or beyond that. New onset diabetes and hyperglycemia is one of the complications of this virus. This study aims to investigate some biomarkers (HbA1c, triglycerides and cholesterol) in group of patients with post covid-19 syndrome and patient with post covid-19 hyperglycemia. METHOD Blood samples were withdrawn from 100 (50 controls including 25 males and 25 females and 50 patients including 25 males and 25 females) to investigate HbA1c, triglycerides and cholesterol levels. RESULTS The result of the present study show that HbA1c significantly increased in PCS males (p.value=0.04) and in PCS females (p.value=0.05) in comparison with control males and control females respectively. The results also show that triglycerides have a significant elevation in PCS males (p.value=0.00) and PCS females(p.value=0.04) in comparison with control males and control females respectively. In the other hand cholesterol was non-significant in both groups. Correlation studies also included and show that there is no significant correlation between HbA1c and other measured parameters. Correlation studies also show that Triglycerides had a strong positive correlation with cholesterol in both PCS groups. CONCLUSION post COVID-19 hyperglycemia is a public health problem in concern and affect the body’s biochemical markers such as HbA1c and triglycerides reflecting their importance in monitoring the overall health in this group of patients.
Key words: post covid-19 syndrome, new-onset diabetes, Post covid-19, HbA1c.
Abtisam Faris Al-Shukry Abtisam Faris Al-Shukry
Copyright (c) 2025 Al-Furat Journal for Health and Medical Sciences
Stoichiometric Analysis of the Copper–Sudan II Complex via Cloud Point Extraction and the Slope Ratio Method
Accurate determination of copper (Cu) is essential due to its biological importance and toxicity at elevated levels. This study presents a green and sensitive method combining deep eutectic solvent (DES)-assisted cloud point extraction (CPE) with slope ratio spectrophotometry for determining the stoichiometry and concentration of Cu(II)–Sudan II complexes. Two experiments were conducted: the first varied Sudan II while keeping Cu(II) constant, and the second varied Cu(II) with fixed Sudan II. The CPE was carried out at pH 8 and 70 °C using Triton X-100, and absorbance was measured at 560 nm. The optimum pH was 8, and a DES volume of 3 mL showed the highest efficiency. The method produced a linear calibration range from 0.4 to 700 µg/L with a detection limit of 0.1 µg/L. Slope ratio analysis revealed a 1:1 or 1:2 Cu(II)–Sudan II complex ratio. Precision was high with RSD ≤5%. This environmentally friendly method minimizes organic solvents, is simple to perform, and is suitable for routine copper determination in clinical and environmental matrices. The technique holds potential for broader applications in trace metal analysis, pending validation with real-world biological or environmental samples.
Copper determination, Cloud point extraction, Deep eutectic solvents, Sudan II, Slope ratio method, Stoichiometry, Spectrophotometry
DRUGS ALLERGY AND RISK FACTORS FOR PATIENTS IN HOSPITALS AT HOLY KARBALA PROVINCE
Drug allergies and the risk factors that go along with them are examined in this study. Since drug allergies can result in a variety of adverse responses, some of which may be severe or even fatal, they pose a serious therapeutic problem. Improving patient safety and helping medical professionals prescribe drugs more efficiently require an understanding of the underlying reasons and the identification of those who are more at risk. This study looks on drug allergies in patients in the Holy Province of Karbala as well as the risk factors that go along with them. It seeks to ascertain the frequency of drug allergies, pinpoint the most prevalent medicines that cause them, as well as any clinical symptoms, and investigate any connections to other risk factors like lifestyle, the use of multiple medications and medical and family history. Additionally, the study assesses the impact of drug allergies on patient outcomes, treatment choices, and hospitalization rates.
Assessment Levels of IL-22 in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients in Najaf City
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, T cell–driven autoimmune disease characterized by persistent synovial inflammation, joint pain, swelling and stiffness, and often leads to structural deformities. Beyond the joints, RA may involve extra-articular organs such as the heart, lungs, kidneys and digestive tract, contributing to considerable morbidity. In this study, we sought to explore the role of interleukin-22 (IL-22)—a cytokine primarily produced by activated T cells—in RA by comparing its serum levels in patients and healthy volunteers alongside established immunological markers. We conducted a case–control study in which venous blood was drawn from two groups: 30 patients meeting the 2010 ACR/EULAR criteria for RA and 30 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Serum IL-22 and anti–cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibody concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), while rheumatoid factor (RF) IgM and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were determined using the I-Chroma system. Statistical analyses employed Student’s t-test for continuous variables and chi-square test for proportions, with p < 0.05 considered significant. Patients with RA exhibited a mean serum IL-22 level of 173.9 ± 51.2 pg/mL, which was significantly lower than the 216.3 ± 84.6 pg/mL observed in healthy controls (p = 0.001). RF IgM positivity was more frequent in the RA group (43.3%) compared with controls (13.3%, p = 0.005), and CRP levels were markedly elevated in RA patients (14.90 ± 7.17 IU/dL) versus controls (4.58 ± 1.50 IU/dL, p < 0.001).
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), RF, Anti-ccp, IL22.
Influencing factors of complementary food practices among mothers with children under 2 Years of Age: A Cross-Sectional Study in Al Hila city- Iraq
<a title="Influencing factors of complementary food practices among mothers with children under 2 Years of Age: A Cross-Sectional Study in Al Hila city- Iraq" href="https://fjihms.atu.edu.iq/index.php/fjihms/Abstract and purpose: Inadequate breast milk, connect work mother, child illness, family advice, are one of the causes of stop breastfeeding and introduce food practice to the child among mothers. Aim: Assessing the factors influencing Complementary Food Practices among children Materials and Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study on complementary feeding practices of infant feeding based on sociodemographic characteristics houseful and children. conducted was this study during the period between October 2024 and April 2025 on 280 mothers of infants /child under 2 year of age attending primary health centers using random sampling method and structured questionnaire. A chi-square test was used to analyze the data. Results: Of the 280 participants mother, only 75% mother started breastfeeding within the first hour after birth. more than half of the babies stopped breastfeeding before six months of age, prevalence of formula feeding at time study among children 41%, most IRAQI mothers Al-Hila City consider bottle feeding to be more convenient, less tiring, and more nutritious than breastfeeding. 52% followed the recommendation of introduction of food at 4-6 month of age, not found a significant association between socioeconomic status and the time of start of food (P.v = 0.834), because consider Iraq from upper middle income, finding study was found associated between time of introduction food related to sociodemographic characteristic (P < 0.000). Finally, weight / age distribution that revealed a significant portion (P.v =0.017) of children fell within the healthy weight category by anthropometric data using the World Health Organization program software.appendixA Conclusion: Stopped breastfeeding before six months of age and start of feeding at 4-6month of age in Hilla City /Iraq is not meeting the WHO recommendations. should be Emphasis to educating mothers and fathers about this important concept.">Abstract and purpose: Inadequate breast milk, connect work mother, child illness, family advice, are one of the causes of stop breastfeeding and introduce food practice to the child among mothers. Aim: Assessing the factors influencing Complementary Food Practices among children Materials and Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study on complementary feeding practices of infant feeding based on sociodemographic characteristics houseful and children. conducted was this study during the period between October 2024 and April 2025 on 280 mothers of infants /child under 2 year of age attending primary health centers using random sampling method and structured questionnaire. A chi-square test was used to analyze the data. Results: Of the 280 participants mother, only 75% mother started breastfeeding within the first hour after birth. more than half of the babies stopped breastfeeding before six months of age, prevalence of formula feeding at time study among children 41%, most IRAQI mothers Al-Hila City consider bottle feeding to be more convenient, less tiring, and more nutritious than breastfeeding. 52% followed the recommendation of introduction of food at 4-6 month of age, not found a significant association between socioeconomic status and the time of start of food (P.v = 0.834), because consider Iraq from upper middle income, finding study was found associated between time of introduction food related to sociodemographic characteristic (P < 0.000). Finally, weight / age distribution that revealed a significant portion (P.v =0.017) of children fell within the healthy weight category by anthropometric data using the World Health Organization program software.appendixA Conclusion: Stopped breastfeeding before six months of age and start of feeding at 4-6month of age in Hilla City /Iraq is not meeting the WHO recommendations. should be Emphasis to educating mothers and fathers about this important concept.
Infant and young child feeding(IYCF), Complementary Feeding (CF), weaning practice
DETERMINATION OF EXTENED SPECTRUM BETA-LACTAMASE AND ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY AMONG COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED UROPATHOGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI IN AL-NAJAF, IRAQ
Primary etological causes of urinary tract infections are bacilli from the Enterobactericae family, particularly strains of Escherichia coli. Extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase producing bacteria are resistant to awide range of beta-lactams as well as to some non beta-lactams antibiotics. From October 2024 to January 2025, a total of 155 urine specimens were transferred directly to the laboratory for direct examination and microscopic examination. Samples were taken for culture on media if the number of bacteial cells were greater than (105 mfu/ml). Samples were collected from two hospitals and two private clinics in the holy city of Najaf. Specimens were inoculated on blood agar, MacConkey agar, and Endo agar.
CRYPTOCOCCUS SPECIES ISOLATED FROM RESPIRATORY DISEASES IN MARJAN TEACHING HOSPITAL IN BABYLON, IRAQ
This study provides valuable findings and evidence Within the prevalence and characteristics of C. neoformans in patients with respiratory and pulmonary diseases at Marjan Teaching Hospital in Babylon, Iraq. This study highlights the marked male dominance in infection rates and the potential significant influence of male sex hormones on immune responses, as testosterone likely increases susceptibility to infection. Furthermore, the study highlights the important role of differential media, such as CDA, in identifying pathogens and the role of urease activity in recognizing C. neoformans. Given the significant and growing concerns about antifungal resistance, continuous monitoring of C. neoformans strains and their antifungal susceptibility patterns remains critical and essential.
Association of IL-6 and IL-8 biomarker with hepatitis B virus in Iraqi patients
Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a global health burden that contributes to liver inflammation, fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Chemokines, such as IL-6 and IL-8, play critical roles in immune regulation, but their expression patterns and associations with HBV progression in Iraqi patients are poorly understood. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the potential association between serum concentrations of the biomarkers IL-6 and IL-8, and HBV infection among Iraqi patients. Methods: A case-control study was conducted from September 2024 to February 2025, involving 100 participants (60 patients with HBV and 40 healthy controls) from the Al-Najaf Public Health Laboratory. Serum levels of IL-6 and IL-8 were quantified by ELISA. Result: The current study revealed that the infection rate was in the age (20-70 years). HBV patients exhibited significantly elevated levels of IL-6 (The Mean±SE of IL-6 for patients group (10.591 ± 2.194), and the control group (1.307±0.285) with signtificant difference between two group (p value 0.0116).) and IL-8 (mean of patients group (227.006± 13.359) ), and the control group(82.410±9.676) With high significant difference betwen two group at P value < 0.0001) Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the serum levels of IL-6 and IL-8 were significantly elevated in Iraqi patients with HBV. These findings highlight the potential clinical utility of chemokine profiling for managing HBV infection and advancing targeted therapeutic strategies
Evaluation of Interleukin-10 and Interleukin-4 Levels in Patients Infected with Entamoeba histolytica parasite
The research aims to study the IL-10 and IL-4 concentrations present in the serum of Entamoeba histolytica parasite-infected patients. The research seeks to analyze how the changing patterns of cytokine levels affect infection severity and control mechanisms of immune responses during amebiasis cases. This case-control investigation between subjects who had E. histolytica infection (44) and subjects without infection (44). Blood was drawn for IL-10 and IL-4 measurements culminated in ELISA-based performed assessments on both cytokines. The research employed independent t-tests and regression analysis to evaluate cytokine level variations between infected and healthy subjects and discover the effects these proteins have on disease intensity. The study results demonstrated that IL-4 levels measured 291.93 pg/mL as an average among patient groups whereas control participants exhibited mean IL-4 levels at 88.96 pg/mL (p=0.001). The tested patient group exhibited higher IL-10 levels (mean: 2148.22 pg/mL) than controls (mean: 521.89 pg/mL) but the difference between these values lacked statistical significance (p=0.110). Analysis through regression models revealed IL-4 had a robust predictive power for immune responses to infections but IL-10 showed more ambiguous predictive ability. The study shows that IL-4 acts as a critical factor to develop a Th2 immune reaction which enables E. histolytica to evade immune system defenses in patients. Among the detected elevated IL-10 levels researchers did not find statistical significance but they play an essential role in regulating immune response. The study increases comprehension of parasite-host immune process relationships to provide knowledge for upcoming diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to amebiasis.
Entamoeba histolytica, Amebiasis, Interleukin-10, Interleukin-4
Evaluation of antenatal care services in Babylon Governorate from the perspective of pregnant women
Introduction: The treatment a pregnant woman receives from medical experts during her pregnancy is known as antenatal care, or ANC. This treatment was provided during pregnancy to ensure the health, of the expectant pregnant and her unborn child. The level of care has an impact on how patients use their medical services. Patients who are unhappy with their healthcare providers during pregnancy may be less inclined to stick with their therapy. Objectives: to assessment of services provided to pregnant women in PHCCs. Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study that was carried out at 22 selected at random (simple random sampling) PHCCs in al-Hilla city. The data collection started from the 27 0f October 2024 till the 27 of January 2025. The time allocated for data collection was an average5 days per week. This study was conducted in AL-Hilla city. which included22 main primary health care centers in the first Hilla sector and the second Hilla sector. Results: The study presented the findings of a one-sample, t-test for the averages of the dimensions, of pregnant women's quality evaluation for ANC and the overall score. revealed that pregnant women had positive opinions of the ANC's quality assessment. The mean responses on the General Satisfaction, General Examination, and Counseling dimensions were statistically significant. Conclusion: The study found that most pregnant women had positive assessments about the overall ANC services they got at PHCCs In Al-Hilla city.
Primary health care centers, Antenatal care, pregnant women.
Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolated from Clinical Samples at Al-Furat Hospital: A Cross-Sectional Study
Background: The alarming rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) particularly in Klebsiella pneumoniae is a significant concern to global health. To determine the antimicrobic resistance profile of K. pneumoniae collected from clinical specimens taken from Al-Furat Hospital and correlate them with the specimen types and classes of relevent antibiotics. Methods: A cross sectional study of 150 clinical specimens (urine, blood, sputum, stool) was conducted at Al-Furat Hospital, Kufa, Iraq from October 1, 2024 to January 2, 2025. Standard methods were employed for bacterial cultures and eight commonly used antibiotics were tested for microbial sensitivity. The statistical operations performed were descriptive analysis and chi-squared, The results were shown in bar graphs, heatmaps, and pie graphs. Results: 132 out of 150 specimens gave positive bacterial culture. The most frequently isolated organism was K pneumoniae (83.3%) and its resistance to ampicillin(81.8%) and ceftazidime (96.4%) was extremely high. Resistance was more marked in urine and blood isolates as highlighted in heat maps. Chi-square tests demonstrated there were relationships between specimen type and resistance levels for multiple antibiotics tested (p < 0.05). Conclusion: K. pneumoniae emerged as the most important resistant pathogen in the Kasturba Hospital, where resistance was found to vary significantly depending on the sample source. Empirical management and regular monitoring of resistance patterns should be instituted.
Serum Cystatin C as a Predictive Biomarker for Hypertensive Nephropathy: A Case-Control Study in Al-Najaf Province
Hypertension is a major risk factor for the development of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal failure, often progressing without noticeable symptoms until significant renal impairment has occurred. Early detection of kidney dysfunction is essential for initiating appropriate therapeutic interventions. However, conventional biomarkers such as serum creatinine are limited by their dependence on muscle mass and delayed response to changes in glomerular filtration rate. This study aimed to assess the diagnostic value of serum cystatin C as an early biomarker for detecting nephropathy in hypertensive individuals and its significance in tracking disease progression. A total of one hundred thirty-five participants aged between thirty-five and seventy years were enrolled and categorized into three groups: forty-five hypertensive patients without clinically evident nephropathy, forty-five hypertensive patients with clinically diagnosed nephropathy, and forty-five healthy individuals as controls. Serum cystatin C levels were measured utilizing the fluorescence immunoassay technique. The study was conducted at Al-Sadr Teaching Hospital and Al-Najaf Teaching Hospital. Findings demonstrated significantly elevated serum cystatin C levels in hypertensive patients with nephropathy compared to those without nephropathy and the control group. Moreover, serum cystatin C levels exhibited a strong correlation with traditional renal function parameters, indicating its reliability in detecting renal impairment. In conclusion, serum cystatin C shows promise as a sensitive and early indicator of kidney dysfunction in hypertensive patients and may play a critical role in the early diagnosis and management of hypertensive nephropathy.
Environmental Impact Assessment Using Biostatistics: Guidelines and Applications in Environmental Sciences
This title highlights the importance of utilizing biostatistics in environmental impact assessment and sheds light on the associated guidelines and applications in the field of environmental sciences. Environmental impact assessment is a vital tool for understanding the effects of human activities on the environment and evaluating the necessary environmental measures to preserve and enhance sustainability. The guidelines related to using biostatistics in environmental impact assessment explore the application of statistical concepts and methods in analyzing environmental data. Biostatistics works towards developing statistical models and techniques for analyzing complex environmental data, providing accurate and reliable results. This approach helps in understanding and interpreting
Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacilli in Hospitalized Patients in Sweida, Syria
Multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli represent a substantial public health challenge, particularly in developing nations, where their increasing prevalence has resulted in heightened healthcare expenditures and rising mortality rates. This study aims to explore the occurrence of Gram-negative bacilli in clinical specimens while assessing their susceptibility to various antibiotics. A total of 337 patient samples were collected from hospitals in Sweida, leading to the isolation and identification of bacterial strains. The findings revealed that Gram-negative bacilli were present in 216 samples, constituting 64.1% of the total analyzed. Among these, Escherichia coli was the most frequently identified, accounting for 38%, followed by Enterobacter at 26.4%, Klebsiella at 25.5%, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 9.7%. Notably, all isolated strains exhibited multidrug resistance. A comprehensive analysis of the sensitivity of these isolates to various antibiotics was conducted. The study illuminated the significant prevalence of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli, underscoring the urgent need for preventative strategies. These strategies should focus on the judicious and targeted application of antibiotics to effectively curb the dissemination of these resistant strains. By addressing this critical issue, we can enhance public health outcomes and reduce the associated economic burdens.
Gram-negative bacilli, Antibiotic, Resistance, Sweida, Syria.
Study the roles of TNF-α in the immune response of Diabetic foot ulcers
Bachground: Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are a major complication of diabetes mellitus, often complicated by infections. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a key inflammatory mediator has been suggested to play a role in regulating immune responses and inflammation. However, people with diabetes often have compromised immune responses. Both the innate and adaptive immune systems are affected, leading to increased susceptibility to infections and delayed wound healing. Objectives: This study was designed to explore the correlation between diabtic patients and polymorphism (TNF-α) in a cohort of diabetic patients with foot ulcers. Methodology: The study involved the collection of 210 samples, which were categorized based on sex (male and female) and geographic location (Urban and Rural). The following tests were conducted: Complete Blood Count (CBC), C-Reactive Protein (CRP), Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR), and HbA1c. Afterward, DNA was extracted from whole blood samples. Immunological assays were performed to measure TNF-α polymorphisms. Resuts: A total of 210 diabetic person which included of 70 healthy control, 70 DM without foot ulcers and 70 DM with foot ulcer through August 2022 to April 2023 were included female 92 and male 118 in this study TNF-α polymorphism in healthy control and DM without foot ulcer were (GG and AA(0) while the AG (70) ) while TNF-α polymorphism in DFU (GG 4 , AA 7 and AG 59) and (G 67 and A 73). Conclusion: The findings suggest that TNF-α may represent a key mediator in the inflammatory pathway that links infection to impaired wound recovery.
Immunological marker (TNF-α), Diabtic foot ulcer
Electrochemical Behavior of Magnesium Sulfate Mediated Glassy Carbon Electrode in Rabbit's Blood Samples
Glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was used to observed the chemical properties of magnesium sulfate solution in electrolyte of rabbit's blood medium by cyclic voltammetry. The study wasaimed to find the electrochemical behavior of magnesium ions Mg(II) in the blood samples to find redox reaction. The study focused on the redox reaction of current peaks for magnesium ions in blood.The results were found one of reduction current peak appeared at -0.8 V. The research included different voltammetric study for the cathodic current peak of Mg ions, such as in different concentrations, scan rates, pH, and reliability in blood medium. A low detection limit was found of Mg(II) at 0.1 – 0.4 mM, with good linear of relationship of different scan rates and high sensitivity of 0.9914. Also, the cathodic current peak of Mg ions was enhanced at alkaline blood solution of pH 8-10. So, we can said that magnesium compound in blood medium act as anti-oxidative reagent, which can used as a nutritional supplements, and causes its deficiency in the human body to serious health effects.
cyclic voltammetry; magnesium sulfate; anti-oxidative reagent; blood medium; pH; scan rate; concentration.
Assessement of P-selectin in diabetic nephropathy patients
1-P-selectin was a predictor of thrombosis in Diabetic nephropathy patients. 2-BMI was a risk factor in thrombosis in Diabetic nephropathy patients. 3- Males were more susceptible to dialysis than females and the impairment of kidney function .
Epidemiology of Echinococcus granulosus Infection: Global Patterns and Public Health Implications
Cystic echinococcosis has become much less common and common in many places around the world in the last few decades. But getting sick from Echinococcus granulosus (E. granulosus) is still a big public health issue in many places, even where it wasn't as common before. This is because money and time constraints have caused control projects to be scaled back. How widely the parasite is found in a country is based on how many nomadic or semi-nomadic sheep and goat flocks live there. These flocks are the parasite's first host, and they are very close to the end host, the dog. This is how most people get the infection. People who live in tropical zones are most likely to get Cyprus echinococcosis. These include people in Australia, some parts of America (especially South America), and north and east Africa. People and animals that live in the Mediterranean and the central and southern parts of Russia are also most likely to come down with it. Animals are thought to be the main way that echinococcosis is spread in the Mediterranean area. People who get cystic echinococcosis most often seem to have the normal sheep type (G1). It looks like this strain is found in every country. This review looks at where E. granulosus can be found and how diseases like cystic echinococcosis are growing once more
Epidemiology, Echinococcus granulosus, Hydatid cysts,